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Oracle Cloud and NVIDIA GPUs for AI Workloads

Oracle Cloud and NVIDIA GPUs for AI Workloads

  • Oracle Cloud provides scalable infrastructure for AI workloads.
  • NVIDIA GPUs accelerate training and inference for complex models.
  • Optimized for deep learning, data analytics, and large datasets.
  • Supports multi-GPU scaling for distributed AI tasks.
  • Reduces the time needed for AI model development and execution.

History of Oracle Cloud and AI Investment

Oracle’s focus on AI started with a clear goal: to make AI useful in everyday enterprise applications like ERP, CRM, and HCM. Oracle embedded AI into these systems early to help businesses automate tasks, improve customer engagement, and boost decision-making.

As AI models became more data-intensive, Oracle realized traditional infrastructure couldn’t keep up. This led to the development of Oracle Cloud Infrastructure (OCI), which was built to handle large datasets, complex algorithms, and the need for fast processing. OCI was designed to scale with AI workloads from the ground up, offering powerful options like bare metal servers and virtual machines to give enterprises flexible computing power.

Oracle’s decision to integrate NVIDIA GPUs into its cloud was a game-changer. NVIDIA GPUs provide the speed and performance needed for AI, especially in deep learning and machine learning. By adding GPUs to OCI, Oracle reduced the time it took to train AI models and process large datasets. Over time, Oracle expanded its offerings with GPUs like the NVIDIA A100 and V100, catering to businesses with heavy AI needs.

Looking ahead, Oracle is committed to continuing its AI investments. The company is working on making AI a central part of its cloud infrastructure and enterprise tools so businesses can do more with AI faster and more efficiently. The ongoing partnership with NVIDIA ensures that OCI remains competitive in handling large-scale AI tasks.

Read our guide on the top 10 reasons why Oracle Cloud is successful for AI GPU Workloads.

Oracle Cloud Architecture for AI Workloads

Oracle Cloud Architecture for AI Workloads

Oracle Cloud Infrastructure (OCI) is designed to handle the toughest AI workloads by offering speed, flexibility, and security.

High-Performance Architecture Oracle built OCI with performance in mind, particularly for AI tasks like machine learning and deep learning. The architecture allows businesses to run heavy workloads with low latency and high throughput. This design helps speed up tasks that require real-time processing or huge datasets.

Bare Metal and Virtual Machine Options Oracle offers two main types of computing power:

  • Bare Metal Instances: For maximum performance without virtualization overhead. Great for deep learning or other resource-heavy tasks.
  • Virtual Machine Instances offer flexibility and scalability, allowing businesses to quickly adjust computing power as workloads change.

Data Management AI models need access to vast amounts of data. Oracle offers:

  • High-throughput storage for rapid data access and processing.
  • Scalable data pipelines to move data seamlessly from storage to processing.

These tools ensure that AI models always have the needed data without delays.

Security and Compliance Oracle Cloud prioritizes security, especially for AI models that handle sensitive information.

Key security features include:

  • Data encryption (in storage and transit)
  • Identity and Access Management (IAM)
  • Network isolation

Oracle Cloud complies with global security standards like GDPR, HIPAA, and SOC, giving businesses the confidence to run AI workloads without compromising data security.

Network Capabilities Oracle uses high-bandwidth networking to ensure that AI tasks run smoothly across multiple servers. Technologies like Remote Direct Memory Access (RDMA) help reduce latency, making distributed AI training faster and more efficient.

Unique AI-Centric Features

  • Performance isolation to ensure AI workloads run without interference.
  • Scalable GPU options like NVIDIA A100 and V100 to grow alongside AI projects.
  • Workload flexibility that allows businesses to switch between different compute resources as needed.

The Role of NVIDIA GPUs in Accelerating AI on Oracle Cloud

The Role of NVIDIA GPUs in Accelerating AI on Oracle Cloud

Overview of NVIDIA GPUs

Oracle Cloud integrates some of the most powerful GPUs, making it an ideal platform for AI workloads. The NVIDIA A100, V100, and T4 GPUs each serve specific needs:

  • A100 GPUs: Built for high-performance tasks, the A100 is designed to accelerate AI, data analytics, and high-performance computing (HPC). With up to 80GB of memory, it’s ideal for training large-scale models and handling complex computations.
  • V100 GPUs are great for deep learning and AI training, offering up to 32GB of HBM2 memory. They are optimized for training and inference, making them versatile for various stages of AI projects.
  • T4 GPUs: Designed for inference tasks and general-purpose AI workloads. The T4 is more energy-efficient, making it cost-effective for deploying trained models in production.

Tensor Cores

NVIDIA GPUs come with Tensor Cores, a specialized hardware component that boosts deep learning and matrix-heavy operations. Tensor Cores perform mixed-precision calculations, combining high speed with accuracy. This is particularly useful for AI workloads like training deep neural networks, where matrix multiplications are a common task. Using Tensor Cores, AI models can train faster without sacrificing accuracy, reducing time from weeks to days in some cases.

Multi-GPU Scaling

One of Oracle Cloud’s strengths is its support for multi-GPU scaling, allowing AI workloads to run across multiple GPUs. This horizontal scaling is crucial for distributed training and inference, where models are trained on vast datasets that exceed the capacity of a single GPU. By spreading the workload across multiple GPUs, Oracle Cloud ensures faster training times and efficient use of resources. For example, a deep learning model for autonomous driving can be trained across several GPUs in parallel, cutting training time dramatically.

Deep Learning and Neural Networks

GPUs are essential for deep learning tasks, particularly with large neural networks. These networks require vast amounts of computation to process data and adjust weights during training. With their thousands of cores, GPUs can handle these computations much more efficiently than CPUs. Oracle Cloud’s integration of NVIDIA GPUs allows businesses to train deep learning models faster, enabling tasks like image recognition, language translation, and autonomous systems to be deployed in less time.

Performance Benchmarks

Real-world examples show the performance boost gained by combining Oracle Cloud with NVIDIA GPUs. A healthcare company running medical image analysis reduced model training time from weeks to a few days using NVIDIA A100 GPUs. Similarly, a financial services firm using V100 GPUs for fraud detection achieved real-time processing of millions of transactions, drastically improving the detection rate of fraudulent activities.

Oracle Cloud vs. Other Cloud Providers for AI Tasks

Oracle Cloud vs. Other Cloud Providers for AI Tasks

Comparison of AI Capabilities

When comparing Oracle Cloud to other major cloud providers like AWS, Google Cloud, and Azure, several key differences stand out in terms of AI capabilities:

  • Oracle Cloud offers NVIDIA GPUs integrated with a high-performance architecture designed for AI tasks. It provides seamless support for both training and inference stages.
  • AWS and Google Cloud also offer GPU instances, but Oracle Cloud is known for its specialized infrastructure designed to optimize GPU performance.
  • Azure focuses heavily on integrating AI with its enterprise suite but may not offer the same performance flexibility for raw AI training as Oracle Cloud.

Performance

Oracle Cloud’s use of NVIDIA GPUs is highly optimized for AI tasks. Performance comparisons between Oracle and other cloud providers, like AWS or Google Cloud, often show Oracle excelling in training time and computational efficiency for deep learning models. In particular, Oracle’s bare metal instances combined with NVIDIA A100 GPUs offer one of the highest performance configurations available, making it a strong choice for organizations needing fast, reliable AI training.

Pricing

Oracle Cloud offers competitive pricing models for AI workloads. It supports pay-as-you-go pricing for businesses that need flexibility in scaling GPU resources and reserved instances for enterprises that want long-term, cost-effective GPU solutions. In contrast, AWS and Google Cloud may have higher costs for similar performance, especially regarding heavy AI and deep learning workloads. Oracle’s pricing is seen as more predictable, making it easier for companies to manage budgets when running extensive AI tasks.

Ease of Use

Deploying and managing AI workloads on Oracle Cloud is straightforward, with pre-configured environments that simplify setup. Oracle provides pre-installed frameworks like TensorFlow, PyTorch, and Jupyter Notebooks, allowing users to get started quickly without complex configuration. In comparison:

  • AWS offers many services but may require more expertise to fully configure and manage AI tasks.
  • Google Cloud focuses on AI/ML services but can lack the same hardware flexibility as Oracle regarding GPU configurations.
  • Azure integrates well with Microsoft’s enterprise software but may not provide the same raw GPU power Oracle Cloud offers for deep learning tasks.

Unique Oracle Features for AI

What makes Oracle stand out is its focus on AI-centric customization:

  • Pre-configured environments: Ready-to-use setups for AI development with NVIDIA GPUs.
  • Integration with enterprise applications: Oracle Cloud connects seamlessly with Oracle’s suite of enterprise applications, like ERP and HCM, allowing businesses to leverage AI for both front-end services and back-office operations.
  • Customizable infrastructure: Whether it’s scaling up GPUs for deep learning or integrating AI workloads with existing business tools, Oracle Cloud offers flexibility that other providers may not match.

Oracle Cloud’s approach to AI workloads makes it a robust platform, especially for enterprises that need high performance, predictable pricing, and integration with existing systems.

AI Model Training on Oracle Cloud: Best Practices

AI Model Training on Oracle Cloud

Leveraging NVIDIA GPUs
It’s crucial to fully utilize its NVIDIA-powered infrastructure to optimize AI model training on Oracle Cloud. The NVIDIA A100 and V100 GPUs provide the computational power for deep learning and machine learning tasks. Using Oracle’s pre-configured GPU environments, businesses can quickly set up training pipelines and start processing large datasets. These GPUs handle the massive parallelism required by deep learning algorithms, significantly speeding up training times.

Data Management
When dealing with AI models, data management is key. Oracle Cloud offers high-throughput storage options that can handle vast amounts of data, ensuring your models have fast, reliable access to the information they need. Best practices for managing data on Oracle Cloud include:

  • Data pipelines: Set up automated pipelines to feed data directly from storage to the GPUs.
  • Data partitioning: Break large datasets into smaller, manageable parts that can be processed in parallel.
  • Optimized storage: Use Oracle’s Block Volumes or Object Storage for fast, scalable data handling.

Distributed Training
Distributed training is one of the most effective techniques for speeding up AI model training. By parallelizing workloads across multiple GPUs, you can split up the data and train different parts of the model simultaneously. This significantly reduces training time, especially for large models. Oracle Cloud’s support for multi-GPU scaling and multi-node configurations enables enterprises to scale their training efforts without hitting performance bottlenecks.

Model Accuracy and Efficiency
Fine-tuning your AI models to achieve the right balance between accuracy and efficiency is critical. On Oracle Cloud, you can experiment with different hyperparameters (such as learning rate, batch size, and optimizer settings) to optimize performance and accuracy. The goal is to minimize training time while ensuring the model performs well on real-world data. Oracle’s AutoML tools can also assist in hyperparameter tuning, speeding up fine-tuning.

Monitoring and Optimization Tools
Oracle provides built-in monitoring tools to track GPU performance and resource utilization during training. These tools help identify bottlenecks, whether a lack of available GPU resources or inefficient data flow.

Key tools include:

  • OCI Monitoring: Track the performance of individual GPUs and nodes during model training.
  • Resource Manager: Optimize resource allocation based on workload demand to ensure you get the most out of your infrastructure.
  • Logs and Alerts: Set up alerts for when GPUs or resources are underutilized so you can adjust your setup in real-time.
  • Deep Learning on Oracle Cloud: Performance Tuning with NVIDIA GPUs
  • Hyperparameter Tuning
  • One of the most important aspects of deep learning performance is hyperparameter tuning. Hyperparameters, like the learning rate, batch size, and dropout rate, directly affect how well your model learns from the data. Tuning these parameters on Oracle Cloud can lead to significant performance improvements. Using grid or random search strategies, combined with Oracle Cloud’s scalable infrastructure, allows for rapid testing of different hyperparameter configurations. The goal is to find the optimal set of parameters that result in the best model performance with minimal training time.
  • Model Parallelism
  • When training large models, such as deep neural networks with millions of parameters, using a single GPU often isn’t enough. Model parallelism allows you to split the model across multiple GPUs, with each GPU responsible for processing different parts of the model. Oracle Cloud supports this strategy by offering multi-GPU configurations. You can use multiple GPUs’ high memory bandwidth and parallel processing power to accelerate training times. For example, a complex transformer model can be split across two or more GPUs, significantly reducing the time required for each training epoch.
  • Distributed Training Strategies
  • For enterprises working with huge datasets, distributed training is the way to go. Oracle Cloud allows you to configure distributed training across multiple nodes, enabling you to train AI models much faster than on a single machine. Key strategies for distributed training on Oracle Cloud include:
  • Data Parallelism: Duplicate the model across multiple GPUs and split the data across these GPUs, processing data batches in parallel.
  • Model Parallelism: Split a large model into smaller sections and distribute them across GPUs to be trained simultaneously.
  • Synchronous and Asynchronous Training: To reduce training time, synchronize updates across nodes after each batch (synchronous) or let each node update the model independently (asynchronous).
  • Best Practices for Deep Learning Optimization
  • To get the best performance out of Oracle Cloud for deep learning, follow these best practices:
  • Efficient Data Loading: Use data pipelines that efficiently load and preprocess data on the fly, reducing wait times between batches.
  • Mixed Precision Training: Leverage NVIDIA Tensor Cores for mixed precision training, which speeds up training without sacrificing accuracy. This method reduces the size of computations, allowing for faster processing.
  • Resource Management: Continuously monitor resource utilization to ensure GPUs and nodes are fully utilized. Avoid over-provisioning by scaling resources dynamically based on the workload.
  • Batch Size Optimization: Experiment with different batch sizes. While larger batch sizes typically lead to faster training times, they can sometimes hurt model performance. Finding the right balance is key.
  • By following these strategies, you can maximize the efficiency of your deep learning tasks on Oracle Cloud, ensuring that your models train faster and perform better.

How Oracle Cloud Simplifies AI Workflows

How Oracle Cloud Simplifies AI Workflows

Integration of NVIDIA GPUs
Oracle Cloud easily integrates NVIDIA GPUs into AI workflows by offering pre-configured environments and flexible GPU options. Whether you’re working with A100, V100, or T4 GPUs, Oracle Cloud ensures that setting up and managing these GPUs is seamless.

You can select the GPU power you need for your specific task, whether training, inference, or large-scale simulations. With pre-installed CUDA libraries and AI frameworks like TensorFlow and PyTorch, Oracle minimizes setup time and allows data scientists to focus on their models rather than infrastructure.

Data Pipelines
AI workflows often require managing large datasets, from ingestion to deployment. Oracle Cloud simplifies this with powerful data pipeline management tools. You can easily set up automated data pipelines that pull data from storage, preprocess it, and feed it directly into your AI models for training. This smooth transition between stages ensures that your AI workflows remain efficient and scalable. Oracle’s Object Storage and Block Volumes provide scalable, high-throughput storage to ensure that your data flows smoothly from one stage to the next.

AI Development Tools
Oracle offers a range of AI development tools to support every step of the AI workflow. Key tools include:

  • Oracle Cloud Infrastructure (OCI) Data Science: This platform enables collaboration between data scientists, allowing them to build, train, and deploy machine learning models. It also offers version control, model catalogs, and reproducibility.
  • AutoML: Oracle’s AutoML tool automates selecting the best model and hyperparameters, reducing the time needed to experiment with different configurations.
  • Jupyter Notebooks: Oracle provides Jupyter Notebooks, allowing data scientists to code, visualize, and test models in a convenient, interactive environment.

These tools streamline the development process, enabling data scientists to quickly iterate on their models without worrying about infrastructure complexities.

Workflow Automation
Oracle Cloud enables workflow automation by allowing you to automate the entire AI lifecycle, from model development to deployment. Using Oracle’s built-in automation tools, you can set up pipelines that automatically retrain models as new data becomes available, ensuring your AI models are always up-to-date. This end-to-end automation helps reduce manual intervention, saving time and resources while keeping models accurate and relevant.

Running Large-Scale AI Simulations with Oracle Cloud and NVIDIA GPUs

Running Large-Scale AI Simulations with Oracle Cloud and NVIDIA GPUs

Scalability for AI Simulations
Oracle Cloud is designed to handle large-scale AI simulations, such as weather modeling, autonomous systems, and medical imaging. Oracle’s infrastructure allows you to scale up quickly to meet the demands of simulations that require vast computational power.

With bare metal servers and multi-node configurations, Oracle Cloud can run simulations that involve huge datasets and complex calculations. Whether you need to predict the impact of a storm or simulate autonomous vehicle behavior, Oracle Cloud’s scalable infrastructure ensures that your simulations run efficiently.

NVIDIA GPU Acceleration for Simulations
Simulations that require massive computational resources benefit greatly from NVIDIA GPU acceleration. GPUs, particularly the A100 and V100, are ideal for handling the parallel processing tasks involved in large-scale simulations.

Leveraging their thousands of cores for parallelism drastically reduces the time needed to complete complex calculations. Tasks like 3D rendering, neural network-based simulations, and climate modeling can be executed in a fraction of the time compared to CPU-only systems. Oracle Cloud ensures you can tap into this GPU power as needed, with on-demand or reserved instances to suit your project’s budget and timeline.

Case Studies
Several industries have already leveraged Oracle Cloud and NVIDIA GPUs for their large-scale AI simulations:

  • Weather Agencies: Meteorological organizations use Oracle Cloud’s GPU-accelerated infrastructure to run climate simulations and predict severe weather patterns more accurately and quickly.
  • Healthcare Providers: Medical research teams rely on Oracle’s cloud platform to process medical imaging and simulate disease progression, speeding up diagnosis and treatment planning.
  • Autonomous Vehicle Developers: Automotive companies use Oracle Cloud’s NVIDIA GPUs to simulate road environments and train AI models for autonomous driving systems, improving safety and accuracy before real-world deployment.

These industries benefit from the increased speed, accuracy, and scalability offered by Oracle’s GPU-accelerated cloud environment.

Performance Benchmarks
Performance benchmarks for Oracle Cloud, especially when combined with NVIDIA GPUs, showcase the platform’s ability to handle intensive AI tasks. For example:

  • Medical Imaging: Running simulations on NVIDIA A100 GPUs reduced processing time by 5x
  • compared to CPU-based systems.
  • Autonomous Systems: Training an AI model for autonomous driving with multi-GPU setups on Oracle Cloud reduced training time by 60%, enabling faster iteration cycles.
  • Climate Modeling: Using Oracle’s GPU-accelerated infrastructure, weather modeling agencies saw a 4x improvement in simulation speed, enabling more timely and accurate predictions.

These benchmarks highlight Oracle Cloud’s capability to efficiently handle large-scale AI simulations, providing enterprises with the tools to run complex models faster and at scale.

Oracle Autonomous Database for AI Applications

Oracle Autonomous Database for AI Applications

Integration with AI Workloads
Oracle Autonomous Database integrates smoothly with AI applications, automating database management and handling data processing behind the scenes. This eliminates manual tasks, letting data scientists focus more on building and improving AI models. With automated tuning and real-time scaling, AI applications can access and process data without delay.

Data Storage and Processing for AI
AI models often require massive amounts of data. Oracle Autonomous Database ensures fast data retrieval and optimized execution for AI models, no matter the data size.

Features include:

  • Automated indexing for faster access to important data
  • Data partitioning that organizes data to improve processing speed
  • Real-time updates to ensure your models always work with the latest data

Use of NVIDIA GPUs with Autonomous Database
Combining Oracle Autonomous Database with NVIDIA GPUs accelerates AI tasks. GPUs handle the heavy lifting for AI computations, such as deep learning or large-scale data analysis, while the autonomous database ensures smooth, fast data access. This combination significantly reduces the time needed for model training and inference.

Real-World Examples

  • Healthcare: Hospitals use the database to store patient data and deploy AI models for real-time analysis using NVIDIA GPUs, improving diagnostic accuracy.
  • Finance: Banks process transaction data instantly with AI fraud detection models using Oracle Autonomous Database and NVIDIA GPUs, catching suspicious activity faster.

Edge AI with Oracle Cloud and NVIDIA GPUs

Edge AI with Oracle Cloud and NVIDIA GPUs

Oracle Cloud for Edge AI
Oracle Cloud enables AI at the edge, meaning data is processed near where it’s generated. This reduces delays and makes Oracle Cloud ideal for IoT and real-time analytics. AI models deployed at the edge help industries like healthcare, retail, and autonomous systems make instant decisions without waiting for data to be returned to the cloud.

NVIDIA GPUs at the Edge
NVIDIA GPUs are key to running edge AI efficiently. Edge devices with NVIDIA Jetson GPUs handle real-time processing tasks such as:

  • Image recognition in smart cameras
  • Autonomous vehicle navigation
  • Industrial automation and robotics
    These GPUs enable real-time AI at the edge, reducing latency and improving response times.

Deployment and Use Cases

  • Retail: Smart cameras in stores use NVIDIA GPUs to analyze customer behavior in real-time, adjust marketing strategies, and improve customer service.
  • Healthcare: AI-powered devices monitor patient vitals on-site, using GPUs to detect issues instantly and notify healthcare staff.
  • Autonomous Vehicles: On-board NVIDIA GPUs process sensor data to guide navigation and make real-time decisions without needing to connect to a cloud server.

Benefits of Edge AI on Oracle Cloud

  • Lower Latency: Processing data at the edge, not in the cloud, leads to faster responses, especially for real-time applications like autonomous driving.
  • Real-Time Processing: Immediate insights are provided without the delay of sending data back to the cloud.
  • Improved Performance: AI models at the edge, powered by NVIDIA GPUs, run smoothly for tasks like predictive maintenance, object detection, and real-time analytics.

FAQ: Oracle Cloud and NVIDIA GPUs for AI Workloads

What makes Oracle Cloud suitable for AI workloads?
Oracle Cloud is designed for scalability and high performance and supports GPU-accelerated tasks, which makes it ideal for handling large-scale AI workloads like machine learning and deep learning.

How do NVIDIA GPUs improve AI processing on Oracle Cloud?
NVIDIA GPUs reduce the time needed for training and running AI models by handling multiple calculations in parallel, which is crucial for deep learning and large data sets.

Can Oracle Cloud handle large AI datasets?
Yes, Oracle Cloud provides scalable data storage and high-speed networking, making it capable of efficiently processing and managing large AI datasets.

What types of AI applications benefit from NVIDIA GPUs on Oracle Cloud?
NVIDIA GPUs on Oracle Cloud can benefit applications such as image recognition, natural language processing, deep learning, and real-time analytics.

How do I scale AI workloads on Oracle Cloud with NVIDIA GPUs?
Oracle’s multi-GPU setups allow you to scale AI workloads, allowing multiple GPUs to work together for faster processing and parallel computations.

Is Oracle Cloud suited for real-time AI processing?
Oracle Cloud with NVIDIA GPUs is well-suited for real-time AI processing tasks, especially in edge applications like autonomous vehicles and IoT devices.

What types of NVIDIA GPUs are available on Oracle Cloud?
Oracle Cloud offers NVIDIA A100, V100, and T4 GPUs, each tailored to different performance levels and types of AI workloads.

How does Oracle Cloud handle AI model deployment?
Oracle Cloud offers tools for seamlessly deploying AI models, including pre-configured environments and support for AI frameworks like TensorFlow and PyTorch.

Can I run distributed AI training on Oracle Cloud?
Yes, Oracle Cloud supports distributed training by allowing AI models to run across multiple GPUs and nodes for faster results and greater scale.

What is the benefit of using multi-GPU setups for AI?
Multi-GPU setups allow you to split large models or datasets across several GPUs, speeding up the training process and increasing overall performance.

Are there specific AI tools available on Oracle Cloud?
Yes, Oracle Cloud provides AI development tools, such as Oracle Cloud Infrastructure Data Science, AutoML, and Jupyter notebooks, for building and testing AI models.

Can Oracle Cloud be used for AI-driven analytics?
Absolutely. Oracle Cloud and NVIDIA GPUs are ideal for running AI-driven analytics that require large data processing and quick insights.

How does Oracle Cloud ensure data security for AI workloads?
Oracle Cloud offers strong security features, including encryption for data at rest and in transit and compliance with global data security standards like GDPR.

What is the pricing model for NVIDIA GPU use on Oracle Cloud?
Oracle Cloud offers flexible pricing, including pay-as-you-go and reserved instances, allowing businesses to choose the most cost-effective setup for their AI workloads.

Can Oracle Cloud support hybrid AI deployments?
Yes, Oracle Cloud integrates well with on-premise and hybrid cloud setups, enabling businesses to split AI workloads between their data centers and the cloud.

Author
  • Fredrik Filipsson

    Fredrik Filipsson brings two decades of Oracle license management experience, including a nine-year tenure at Oracle and 11 years in Oracle license consulting. His expertise extends across leading IT corporations like IBM, enriching his profile with a broad spectrum of software and cloud projects. Filipsson's proficiency encompasses IBM, SAP, Microsoft, and Salesforce platforms, alongside significant involvement in Microsoft Copilot and AI initiatives, improving organizational efficiency.

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